a) x^2 + (a+1)x + a = 0
p = a + 1 ; q = a
(p/2)^2 - q = 0 → p^2/4 - q = 0 → p^2 - 4q = 0
(a + 1)^2 - 4a = 0 --> a = 1
b) 2x^2 + 4x = ax + 2a
2x^2 + 4x - ax - 2a = 0
x^2 + 2x - 0.5ax - a = 0
x^2 + (2 - 0.5a)x - a = 0
(2 - 0.5a)^2 - 4(-a) = 0 --> a = -4
c) x^2 = a(x-1)
x^2 = ax - a
x^2 - ax + a = 0
(- a)^2 - a = 0 --> a = 1 ∨ a = 0
d) x^2 - a = x + a
x^2 - x - 2a = 0
(-1)^2 - (-2a) = 0 --> a = -0.5